In this modern era where organizations are realizing the real strategic worth of employees and how employees with the right skills and attitude plays the vital role in the success of any organization, the role of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior is also being realized by organizations. This study aims to add in literature by highlighting the importance of organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior and how organizational justice leads to job satisfaction which ultimately leads to Organizational Citizenship Behavior. 334 employees from 3 pharmaceutical companies participated in the study. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study results clearly show that job satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior and mediation value is significant for path organizational justice to job satisfaction whereas for job satisfaction to organizational citizenship behavior is insignificant. The result provides the useful insights for organizational behavior practitioners and policy makers to craft workplace policies and appropriate trainings designs. Future areas of study are suggested at the end.
This paper conducted co-integration and causality tests among real GDP per capita (RGDP) and financial development index (FDI), openness of trade, real interest rate, gross capital formation, and two political regimes using annual time series data from 1958 to 2018. We used real GDP per capita as dependent variables whereas the financial development index and political regimes (Dummy variable) are our focused variables and rest trade openness, real interest rate, and gross capital formation are our control variables. We employed the ARDL bound testing approach and Johansen test to check co- integration or predict long term relationship and (VECM) Vector error correction model Granger-Causality test to check the relationship direction among variables. Our results show that only trade openness is significantly impacted economic growth whereas rest variables such as financial development index, real interest rate, gross capital formation, and political regimes impacts are insignificant so accordingly we can provide little support to the view that financial sector growth in two different political regimes leads economic progress. We also do not find considerable evidence of a bi-directional and unidirectional relationship between financial segment growth and economic progress in both political regimes. This research highlights a new dimension for future research and gives new insight for policymaking.
The rapid increase in the mobile phone usage opened new opportunities to the marketers, who are operating mobile phone as a communication instrument to disseminate their brand’s messages and this is known as mobile phone advertising (MPA). The main aim of this study is to pinpoint the effect of different factors on consumer attitude and intention to accept mobile advertising. In this explanatory research a data of 400 smartphone users from Karachi was gathered through a self-administered questionnaire selected by using convenience sampling approach. This study used SEM analysis on AMOS to obtain empirical findings. The findings of the paper suggest that consumer attitude towards mobile advertising (CATMA) positively influence the consumer intention to accept the mobile advertising. This paper also verifies that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), entertainment, credibility have positive impact, while irritation has a negative impact on CATMA. Besides, Informativeness showed no effect on attitude of consumer towards the mobile phone advertisement. Thus, this research suggest that marketers should do maximum efforts to influence the consumers’ attitude positively, as this would ultimately enhance the mobile advertising acceptance (penetration).
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antecedents of online buying behavior and preference of young consumers in Pakistan towards e shopping.With the proliferation of internet online shopping is gaining popularity around the globe. However the factors affecting the online buying decision are not fully explored. This study investigates how online purchase intentions mediates the impact of antecedents of online purchase behavior on actual purchase behavior through a model based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).By using convenience sampling, data was collected through self administered questionnaire from young consumers living in Karachi, Pakistan. Data was examined by using partial least square structural equation modelling.Study reveals that all antecedents of online purchase behavior are significant.It was also found that online purchase intentions partially mediates the relationship the impact of attitude, normative influence and perceived website quality on online purchase behavior.This study has significant implications for e-retailers and vendors in order to enhance online shopping to enhance e-commerce in Pakistan.
Corporate social responsibility implies the obligations of the business to protect the interests of the society in which they operate. This study wants to examine the intervening influence of non-economic factor between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Moreover, this study wants to investigate the moderating role of stakeholder pressure. This study based on positivism paradigm, deductive approach, and survey strategy. Adapted questionnaires were distributed among a focal person of commercial banks and collected data monitored, screened and analyzed through emerging statistical packages. Confirmatory factor analysis explained the model goodness, fitness, and validity. Structural equation modeling confirmed the significant and positive contribution of corporate social responsibility and non-economic factor toward financial performance. Moreover, the mediating role of noneconomic also intensifies the relationship between the explanatory variable and the dependent variable. Finally, stakeholder pressure did not shown any significant contribution. The findings indicated the relevance and the implications of CSR initiatives on the bank’s performance in a developing country such as Pakistan. Explicitly, the results specify that when banks invest in CSR initiatives, they are likely to achieve a competitive edge and improved financial performance.
Diversity of the emerging technologies in the contemporary era is revolutionizing the world. It has overblown the salience of technology for marketers, social scientists, policy makers and new settlers. These are creating formidable new challenges in which business leaders can anticipate and plan for the effects of these new technologies on their organizations. In the prevailing environment, high growth, emerging markets, emotional intelligence, geo-economic orders and strategic use of technology indicate how vast the chasm between global investments is crucial to maintain sustainable competitive advantage. Consecutively, drawing research endeavor towards finding out gap through gathering information, making decisions, trying inferences and finally making predictions in the ambit of technology and economic well- being. Resultantly, this study aims in bridging the gap between these two variables particularly when linked with HR practices. The gap identified continues with the exploration of how technology interweaves economic well-being as well as work life balance with profound changes that are being driven by digital environment. Data collection has been carried out by using the instrument of survey questionnaire with further analysis through SPSS. The research under taken is quantitative in nature. The qualitative data has been acquired from the secondary sources. However, the primary data has also been used through applying Survey technique as mentioned. This study provided the empirical confirmation thereby supporting the framework of the technological utilization with its impact on work life balance and economic wellbeing. More specifically technology had positive effects on work life balance and economic wellbeing which are in line with the findings of the research.
Office ergonomics is treated as one of the most important aspect for maintenance of employees’ job satisfaction. Most of the times studies based on office ergonomics are trying to uncover impact of several elements in a single study. Although it has evident that office furniture is the element which affects employee performance and health in a most critical manner. One of the studies in Pakistan indicated that office furniture is affecting employee performance even when other elements are seems to be absent. Hence this results conduction on more research on effect of office furniture, not only in Pakistan but all over the globe. Although most of the researchers specially from developing countries like Pakistan are still conducting studies on hybrid of office design elements. Hence the study which specifically focus on the most potent variable of office design is seems to be mandatory. The purpose of this study is focused extensively on effect of office chairs’ and office tables on employee productivity. Initially the data collected for evaluation of these variables was evaluated through reliability testing through SPSS but for detailed inferential analysis Smart PLS has been used as the tool of analysis. Results of the study indicated office chairs has significant impact on employee performance although desks does not have the significant impact. On the other hand, moderation of gender is potent in creating effect of office design elements.
This paper zooms in on the relationship between employee motivation and gender discrimination. In order to analyze this impact, correlation and regression analysis was carried out. Data collection was done from three midsize organizations in Karachi. The data is collected using questionnaire and the responses from 205 employees of three mid size organizations of Karachi.
Findings of the study suggest that gender discrimination has strong effect on employee motivation, further four factors considered separately for male and female employee. Study has concluded that Salary discrimination is the most concern of male and career advancement is the top most concern of female employee which on discrimination impacts their work badly.
This paper partakes in knowledge development and is indeed beneficial for companies that are growing by ensuring the practice of Gender equality through the factors identified in this particular research. These findings will also serve as a benchmark in developing the companies’ fair and practical policies in order to run the organization successfully. However, the research is limited in its scope because the respondents only belonged to one particular area of Karachi. The aforementioned limitation might lead to variation in results if the study is conducted on a broader scale encompassing a greater geographical horizon.
The aim of this study is to determine the accounting students and auditors’ ethical reasoning in State of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. This study utilized mix methodology to find out cause and comparison. The data collected from 101 accounting students and 50 auditors by using a structured questionnaire. Additionally, in-depth interviews of four auditors, and the head of a business school were conducted. The quantitative data was analysed by using independent sample t-test by using SPSS and qualitative data by using word cloud and word tree analysis by using NVivo software. The analysis reveals that difference in the perception of accounting students and auditors is not statistically significant. It further shows that aauditors have higher level of moral reasoning when confronting the moral dilemma. The study also concludes that the auditor possesses a greater level of moral reasoning as compared to the accounting students. The findings of this study will be beneficial for the audit and accounting professionals and for the heads of the business schools.
Micro-financing is an effective tool for poverty alleviation and to enhance the socio-economic status of economically disadvantaged people. Microfinance has been rapidly growing sector in Pakistan for last few decades and presently 36 registered micro-finance institutions are providing small loans to facilities throughout Pakistan to millions of people to break the cycle of poverty. The escalation in financial services has attracted not-for profit organizations as well as for-profit organizations to invest in this field. This study investigates the client satisfaction, with reference to, gender, education, age, family size and monthly household income of the borrowers of Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) in district Tando Allahyar of Sindh where all three MFIs (belonging to public, private and not-for profit sector) are operating. Sample size of this research is 272 clients from whom data has been collected by using random sampling technique on the instrument Likert scale ranged 1 to 5. The data collected has been processed with factorial analysis, customer satisfaction index and ANOVA. Result of this study shows that the male clients are more satisfied than female, family size and education levels of the borrowers has different client satisfaction while the variation in their age and monthly income have no effect on their satisfaction. In the light of the findings, it is recommended for MFIs to initiate client centric policies, especially, female clients should be the target of MFIs in the district in particular and in whole of Pakistan in general.
Monetary and Fiscal policy instruments are important macroeconomic variables that may influence the financing choices of a firm. However, empirical evidence with respect to their influence on firm-level leverage is somewhat under researched particularly in the context of developing countries. The main objective of this study was to measure the influence of monetary and fiscal policy instruments on the leveraging of non-financial firms listed of Pakistan and India for the period 2006-2017. The findings of the study revealed that monetary and fiscal policy instruments do influence leverage decisions of listed firms in Pakistan and India, however, the extent of their influence varies in both countries. In Pakistan, except real interest rates all other monetary and fiscal policy instruments significantly influence leveraging decisions of listed firms whereas in India only real interest rates significantly influence leverage decisions of listed firms. Moreover, in Pakistan only incomes taxes negatively influences leverage whereas all other variables positively influence leverage. In India tax revenue, real interest rate and M2 negatively influence leverage whereas incomes taxes and public debt positively influences leverage.
This study evaluates the relationships between customer focal antecedents (CFA)-relationship benefits, seller dependence, trustworthiness, firm reputation, relational mediators (gratitude, trust, and intimacy), and relationship outcomes (commitment, reciprocity, and repurchase intentions). Conceptual model of the study is conceptualized on the basis of interpersonal relationship marketing model and theory of interpersonal attraction. Data is collected with survey methodology. The data is collected from four sectors i.e., Apparel, Food, Financial, and Telecommunication. Variance based SEM is applied to test hypotheses. Results provide substantial support for the proposed paths and validate interpersonal relationship marketing model. Results show that CFA - relationship benefits, trustworthiness, and firm reputation are found positively significant predictor of relational mediators. Gratitude, trust, and intimacy are found significantly mediating the relationship between CFA and relationship outcomes. Furthermore, relationships within relational mediators and relationship outcomes are found positively significant. There are number of managerial and theoretical implications. This research helps sellers to understand customer motivation and reinforcements of CFA in the relational ties. It also facilitates to improve customer value, experience, and to strengthen future customer commitments.
To date, much research has been done on the association between Human resource management practices and its outcomes; less consideration has been focused on the association between HRM practices and its affect on motivation of employees to produce valuable outcomes. This article presents a narrative systematic Literature review accumulating the affect of HRM practices on employee motivation in public organizations. The findings based on the 72 articles support a significant relationship of the practices with employee motivation either intrinsically or extrinsically. Moreover, the results suggested that appropriate implementation of HR practices motivate the employees to produce dynamic outcome like job satisfaction, retention, performance, commitment and OCB. This systematic literature review emerges by reviewing 72 research articles from time period 1990 to 2016 based on specific protocols and inclusion/exclusion criteria. In this review various demographic characteristics have been investigated for analysis including most frequently used research design and strategy, patterns of study context, time period, types of respondents and underpinning theories. Further, detailed analysis has been performed to explore the influence of HR practices on motivation also identifying the outcomes of this motivation in public sector organizations. In the end a model was created for illustrative presentation of the relationship between HR practices, motivation and its outcomes. This narrative systematic literature review establishes the broad vision to the scholars for further investigation in the field of HR Management.
This study explores the use of communication and social mechanisms by the manufacturer to achieve flexibility within the supply chain. Measures are used to validate and accept theory by employing PLS-SEM to analyze 300 survey samples from senior management at SMEs in Pakistan. Results validate that using influence strategies has positive effects on flexibility. Furthermore, requests made by a manufacturer to its supplier was significantly positive and measured. The effects of confidence building measures on combined vision is positively associated to manufacturer flexibility. Impact of trust on flexibility was also found to be positive, whereas trust positively promotes shared vision. Implications suggest that for the manufacturer to achieve flexibility, balancing social mechanisms is necessary.